First published in 1950,Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined 8 stages that stage of life and development the healthy person goes through. Each stage is characterized by a crisis which either develops or destroys the personality of a person. The theory is based on Freud’s psychosexual stages and includes societal influences. Though it has been attacked because of its broad definitions however,it is an essential part of the psychological process. It is also helpful in re-thinking the notion of the ages of middle and late adulthood by allowing us to think of them as a period of personal development instead of an opportunity to get by.
The infancy stage is the beginning which lasts approximately 18 months. At this point infants depend completely on the caregivers. The baby learns to trust their caregivers by being able to observe how they respond to their needs like comforting and feeding. The level of treatment they receive at this stage will have lasting effects for their sense of security and self.
Toddlerhood is the second stage in Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory and is a period of time between 18 months and two years. This is when the child’s sense of independence grows. The outcome of success or failure in this process will have a significant impact on the development of their personality. If a child fails to overcome the feelings of fear or guilt during this time,they will be battling with them throughout their life. If a child manages to succeed in this phase it is possible to establish intimate relationships in later life.
Preschool is the third phase in Erikson’s theory. It occurs between ages 3 and 5 years. Children in this age group are gaining the ability to interact with others,as well as an innate sense of self-confidence. Parents and teachers must encourage positive interactions with children at this stage. Positive interactions foster independence in children,and provide guidance and support. Negative interactions,such as negative criticism or indifference can damage a child’s confidence and self-esteem.
The elementary school is the fourth stage of Erikson’s theory and takes place between 6-12 years of age. It is at this stage that children begin to feel pressure from other people like teachers and their peers. It is also where a child develops their sense of industry and their capacity to be a hard worker towards targets and achieve. Children who are applauded for their hard work and praised by their instructors will be able to create a sense of accomplishment and avoid the need to look at others as a comparison.
At the age of middle-age,many people start to contemplate their mortality. People may be feeling regrets about actions they’ve performed or did not do. If a person can overcome these challenges will likely have a fulfilling and prosperous retirement. But,if they fail to overcome these challenges then they could experience a mid-life crisis that can lead to serious mental health issues.